If there is continuity in my work, it comes from my awareness of energy. My own energy, from the initial gesture, leads my artmaking. The "subject" is secondary. Out of that initial intuitive impulse a form appears, color and contrast are established, shapes are defined. Because the energy is in the process, most of my work is abstract in my mind, even when it is intended to be 'realistic'.

What attracts me to the Sumi-e painting style is the emphasis on the chi, or energy, that exists in the process and shows on the surface. The exciting challenge is to master the brush stroke action so that it is spontaneous and, seemingly, without effort, yet exquisitely controlled.

As I stated, that is the challenge. Was it met? That is up to the viewer.